Nephrotic Syndrome
Overview
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney condition that causes the kidneys to leak large amounts of protein into the urine. Protein helps maintain fluid balance in the body, and when too much protein is lost, children may develop swelling, fluid retention, fatigue, or increased infection risk.
Some children experience only one episode, while others may have recurrent flare-ups requiring ongoing monitoring and treatment. Symptoms may improve with medication and supportive care, although follow-up is often important to monitor kidney health over time.
The focus is on controlling symptoms, protecting kidney function, reducing complications, and supporting healthy growth and development.
Symptoms
Nephrotic syndrome commonly affects fluid balance, urination, energy levels, and overall wellbeing. Symptoms and concerns may include:
- Swelling around the eyes, face, feet, or abdomen
- Weight gain caused by fluid retention
- Frothy or foamy urine
- Fatigue or weakness
- Reduced appetite
- Increased infection risk
- Reduced urination in some cases
Swelling may become more noticeable in the morning or gradually worsen during the day.
Causes & Risk Factors
Nephrotic syndrome develops when the kidney filters become damaged or more permeable, allowing protein to leak into urine. Possible causes or contributing factors may include:
- Immune-related kidney conditions
- Previous infections
- Genetic or kidney disorders
- Certain medical conditions affecting kidney function
In many children, the exact cause may not be clearly identified during early assessment.
When to Seek Care
You should seek medical assessment if your child:
- Develops swelling around the eyes or body
- Has frothy or foamy urine
- Experiences unexplained weight gain
- Appears unusually tired or weak
- Has recurrent swelling episodes
- Requires kidney monitoring or follow-up
Emergency Symptoms
Some complications of nephrotic syndrome may require urgent medical care. Seek immediate medical care if your child experiences:
- Severe swelling affecting breathing
- Difficulty breathing
- Severe weakness or reduced responsiveness
- Fever or signs of infection
- Severe abdominal pain
- Sudden worsening of swelling or urination changes
Prevention
Not all cases of nephrotic syndrome can be prevented, but early treatment and follow-up may help reduce flare-ups and complications. Helpful measures may include:
- Taking prescribed medication correctly
- Attending regular kidney follow-up appointments
- Monitoring swelling and urination changes
- Maintaining good hydration and nutrition
- Seeking early care when symptoms worsen
Diagnostics Used
Kidney investigations may be used to assess protein loss, kidney function, fluid balance, and overall health. Depending on your child’s needs, the care team may use:
- Routine Urinalysis
- Urine Albumin
-
Urinary Electrolytes
- Kidney function testing
- Lipogram/Lipid Profile
-
CBC
- Weight and fluid monitoring Paediatric monitoring systems
- Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM)
Support Services
Children with nephrotic syndrome may benefit from additional nutritional, emotional, or long-term follow-up support. Support services may include:
- Nutrition and hydration guidance
- Pharmacy support and medication guidance
- Counselling and family education
- Referral coordination and long-term monitoring support
This coordinated approach helps support kidney function, symptom control, recovery, and long-term wellbeing.