Undescended Testes

Overview

Undescended testes occur when one or both testes fail to move completely into the scrotum before birth. The condition is relatively common in newborn boys, especially those born prematurely.

In some children, the testes descend naturally during early infancy, while others require monitoring or surgical treatment to help position the testes correctly. Early treatment is important because undescended testes may affect fertility, growth, or long-term testicular health if left untreated.

The focus is on early diagnosis, monitoring testicular development, supporting healthy growth, and reducing long-term complications through timely treatment and follow-up.

Symptoms

Undescended testes mainly affect the position of the testes within the scrotum. Symptoms and concerns may include:

• One or both testes not visible in the scrotum
• Empty appearance on one side of the scrotum
• Difference in scrotal size or fullness
• Occasionally, discomfort or swelling in some cases

Most infants do not appear unwell, and the condition is often identified during routine newborn or child examination.

Causes & Risk Factors

Undescended testes develop before birth when the testes do not complete their normal descent into the scrotum. Risk factors may include:

• Premature birth
• Low birth weight
• Family history of undescended testes
• Certain developmental or hormonal conditions

The condition is congenital and is not caused by anything parents did during pregnancy.

When to Seek Care

You should seek medical assessment if your child:

• Has one or both testes missing from the scrotum
• Develops swelling or discomfort in the groin area
• Requires follow-up after newborn assessment
• Has persistent undescended testes beyond infancy

Emergency Symptoms

Prevention

Undescended testes cannot usually be prevented because the condition develops before birth. However, early diagnosis and follow-up may help reduce long-term complications. Helpful measures may include:

• Routine newborn examination
• Early paediatric or urology follow-up
• Monitoring testicular position during infancy and childhood
• Following recommended surgical or treatment plans where needed

Diagnostics Used

Assessment may involve physical examination, monitoring of testicular position, and imaging where needed. Depending on your child’s needs, the care team may use:

• Scrotal Ultrasound
• Testosterone
• FSH
  • Paediatric examination tools
• CBC

Support Services

Children with undescended testes may benefit from additional surgical or follow-up support. Support services may include:

• Paediatric surgical review
• Counselling and family education
• Perioperative support where surgery is needed
• Referral coordination and long-term monitoring support

This coordinated approach helps support healthy development, recovery, and long-term wellbeing.

FAQs